Endnotes appear in the book, but I had to greatly reduce font size to keep book length (and thus price and shipping cost) down. I’m offering them here for a more accessible read for low-vision people (enlarge font size with your browser), with the added option of digital searchability. I had to reformat them considerably, and hope I caught all the line break errors; but if the numbering of notes skips a number, you can find it at the end of the previous note. Formatting may be a little screwy, going from Indesign to pdf to Text Edit to this page.
Chapter 1 Titanides
- Taylor, 10
- Bell, 327
- Orphic Fr. 131, Kern
- Orphic Fr. 106, in www.hellenicgods. org/orphic-fragment-106—otto-kern
5. Van Kollenburg, www.hellenicgods.org/ gaia—yaia—gaia, note 8
6. Mallory, J. P. 1997: 538. Lithuanian has a parallel but less-recognizable term.
7. Detienne and Vernant, 139. Nectar also means “overcoming-death”: Watkins 1995: 12; 346; 352; exact Vedic parallel, 391
8. The Birds, in Gimbutas 1974: 102
9. Aristophanes, The Birds 690-695, tr. O’Neill. Meisner (88) calls this play, staged in 414 bce, “one of the earliest sources.” Philologist Otto Kern catalogs as Orphic Fragment 1; but not necessarily “Orphic.” 10. West 1983: 209
11. ἀστεροόμματος, Orphic Hymn 34.13, in www.hellenicgods.org/nyx—nyx
12. Orphic Hymns II and VI, in www. theoi.com/Text/OrphicHymns1.html#2
13. Pausanias, 1.40.6; 10.38.6
14. Scholion on Pindar. West 1983: 101 n. 58
15. Hesiod, Theogony 217; Aiskhylos, Eumenides 961; Orphic Hymn 58
16. Proclus, tr. Van Kollenburg, in www. hellenicgods.org/orphic-fragment-126-ot- to-kern. I’ve altered his Greek translitera- tion to avoid confusion.
17. Meisner 76; 89; 97. He cites Brisson calls the Eudemian cosmogony the “old” Orphic cosmogony.
18. Meisner, 96; Khrysippos Fr. 102, in Meisner, 92 n.44
19. Meisner, 94-95
20. Theogony 123-25; 211-225
21. Theogony 221
22. Theogony 901
23. Theogony 744, in Palmer 2020
24. Theogony, 744-57, tr. Evelyn-White
25. Palmer 2020; Emilie Kutash, Goddesses in Myth and Cultural Memory, Bloomsbury 2021; among many others
26. Theogony 750-57
27. Palatine Anthology 14-40, in West 1983: 209-10
28. Parmenides, tr. Burnet 1892
29. Parmenides, tr. Burnet 1892
30. Parmenides, tr. Burnet 1892
31. Parmenides, tr. Palmer 2020
32. Parmenides, Stanford tr., Fr. 1.22-28a
33. Parmenides, Fr. 1.28b-32, tr Palmer 2020
34. Parmenides Fr. 1.30, in Palmer 2020
35. Paramenides, tr. Burnet, 8. 2-9
36. Parmenides Fr. 8.22–5, in Palmer 2020
37. Parmenides Fr. 8.26, in Palmer 2020
38. Republic 617c
39. Parmenides Fr. 10, in Palmer 2020
40. Parmenides Fr. 11, in Burnet 1892
41. Parmenides 12-13, in Burnet 1892
42. Orphic fr. 164.117 Scholion of Proclus on Plato Timaeus B. www.hellenicgods.org/ nyx—nyx. Meisner, 221
43. Orphic Fr. 167, Proclus scholion on Plato’s Timaeus I 29a and 28c, tr. Van Kol- lenburg, www.hellenicgods.org/nyx—nyx. (See Chapter 4 for details on revisionist myths of male progenitors.)
44. Iliad 14.259-61
45. West 1983: 320
46. Palmer (2020)
47. Bowersock, G. W., “Tangled Roots.” The New Republic Online 8 June 2005
48. Curd, online
49. Orphic Fr. 109, www.hellenicgods.org/ gaia—yaia—gaia
50. Hymn 30, in www.hellenion.org/gaia/ homeric-hymn-30-to-gaia/
51. Libation Bearers 45; Prometheus Unbound 88
52. Theogony 126-32
53. Timaeus 41a
54. Iliad 2.14.201, 2.14.302
55. “To Anaktoria,” Barnstone, 66-67
56. Barnstone, 99. He lists more poets on 199, 256. Also see Frame 2009. The Slavs also called on Earth to witness oaths.
57. Burkert, 175
58. Bell, 207
59. Harrison 1927: 458
60. Detienne and Vernant, 90
61. Theogony 104
62. Dashu 2016: 295
63. www.esamskriti.com/e/Spirituality/ Upanishads-Commentary/Svetasvatara- Upanishad-~-Chap-2-Invocation-to-Sav- itr-(The-Sun)-and-Practice-of-Yoga-2.aspx 64. Theogony 116
65. Orphic Fr. 109
66. Theogony 160-164, in Detienne and Vernant 95, n. 28
67. Detienne and Vernant 96, n. 5
68. Theogony 132-38. See Table of the Titans, p. 28
69. www.etymonline.com/word/titan
70. Harrison 1927: 17
71. See West 1983
72. Kopaka, 24; Burkert, on Thebai
73. Suppliants 899-901, in Serafini, 48. Nosch (22) gives as “Ma Ka, Mater Gaia.”
74. Iliad 14.200ff
75. www.theoi.com/Titan/TitanisTethys. html; from tethē, “grandmother,” in mytho- pedia.com/greek-mythology/titans/tethys/
76. Burkert 1990: 91-3
77. Theogony 346ff
78. Kratylos 402b
79. Orphic Fr. 115, Kern
80. Theogony, in Kerenyi 1951: 45
81. Histories 2.50.2
82. West 1983: 164
83. Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 1; Ovid, Metamorphoses 2. 508ff
84, Gantz, 347
85. Kerenyi 1951: 66
86. Tr. Rouse, in www.theoi.com/ Protogenos/Thesis.html
87. Iliad, 24.84
88. Burkert, 172
89. Histories 7.191, in Pianavilla, 28
90. Pausanias 3.14.4-6
91. Knox, 179
92. Detienne and Vernant, 257, n. 193
93. Knox, 179
94. Slatkin, 13
95. Knox, 179; Detienne and Vernant, 288; Alkman Fragment 5 (Scholia); Greek Lyric II Alcman, Fragments, in www.theoi.com/ Protogenos/Thesis.html
96. Detienne and Vernant, 151
97. Detienne and Vernant, 222; 288
98. Detienne and Vernant, 146, 150
99. Detienne and Vernant, 152; 144; 158. Note: these are different words: pan or panto, “all,” but pontos, “sea.”
100. Detienne and Vernant, 167; 15
101. Detienne and Vernant, 153
102. Iliad 24.84
103. Burkert, 172
104. Histories 7.191, in Pianavilla, 28
105. Pausanias 3.14.4-6
106. Knox, 179
107. Detienne and Vernant, 257 n.193
108. Knox, 179
109. Slatkin, 13. See her new work in: The Staying Power of Thetis, eds. Paprocki, Vos and Wright, DeGruyter 2023
110. Knox, 179; Detienne and Vernant, 288; Alkman Fr. 5 (Scholia) Greek Lyric II Alcman Fragments, in www.theoi.com/ Protogenos/Thesis.html
111. Detienne and Vernant, 151
112. Detienne and Vernant, 222; 288; 146; 150
113. Detienne and Vernant, 144; 152; 158
114. Detienne and Vernant, 167; 153
115. Detienne and Vernant, 148-49
116. Detienne and Vernant, 153
117. Scholion to Lykophron, Alexandra 22, in Detienne and Vernant, 141. Euthesis can also be translated as “good placement.”
118. Scholion to the Iliad, I.399, in Detienne and Vernant, 141
119. Detienne and Vernant, 146
120. Louvre Partheneion, 1.13ff, in Knox,180
121. Detienne and Vernant, 145. I use the phonetic spelling khaos to distinguish from the modern sense of “chaos.”
122. Barnstone, 306
123. Lines 15-16, in Detienne and Vernant, 150
124. Knox, 179
125. Bibliotheka 1.3.6, in Detienne and Ver- nant, 111 n. 13. See Chapter 4 for more.
126. Slatkin, 1-2; 9-10
127. Iliad 6.123ff
128. Iliad 18.369. Detienne and Vernant (140) say that Hephaistos’ metal-working began in his sojourn with the sea titanides.
129. Iliad 13.397ff, tr. Lattimore
130. Iliad 1. 590
131. Homeric Hymn to Apollo 316–21
132. Kerényi 1991: 59, 81, on Iliad I. 571-600 and Theogony 927
133. Iliad 1.396ff
134. Argonautica 1.496ff
135. Alexandra 1191, in Smith 1849
136. Argonautica 1.503ff
137. Detienne and Vernant, 142
138. Kerenyi 1951:42
139. Burkert, 172
140. Kerenyi 1951: 99. Aphrodite Morpho was also sculpted in chains in Sparta.
141. Detienne and Vernant, 142
142. Kerenyi 1951: 100-1
143. www.etymonline.com/index.php?ter- m=thesis
144. Orphica, Epicuras Fr., from Epiphanios, in www.theoi.com/Protogenos/Ananke.html
145. Parmenides 8.30, 10.6; Empedokles B115, in West 1983: 195
146. West 1983: 197
147. Plato, Republic 617c
148. West 1983: 195-96
149. West 1983: 195
150. Damascius, Orphic Theogonies Fr. 54, in West 1983: 194
151. West 1983: 116
152. Damascius, De principiis §123bis, in Brisson 2019
153. Otto Gruppe, M.L. West, Walter Burkert, Gabor Betegh document this influence; also Brisson (2018) and Meisner (2018)
154. West 1994: 290
155. West 1994: 290-302
156. Hesiod, Theogony 886–900
157. Theogony 480
158. Bibliotheka 1.4-5
159. Bibliotheka 105, in West 1983: 162
160. Kallimakhos, Hymn 1 to Zeus, in Smith: 1849; Strabo (10.3.11). Similar stories were told of medieval abbesses, such as St. Berthe, who released spring waters by striking a rock with their staff or distaff.
161. Pausanias 8.36.2, in Smith 1849
162. Metamorphoses 19, in Smith 1849; “god or man.” On fermentation of blood, see Kerenyi 1951: 94
163. Bibliotheka 1.2.1
164. Bibliotheka 1.3.6
165. Bell, 202
166. Detienne and Verland, 108
167. Theogony 929
168. Theogony 888, in Meisner, 28
169. Detienne and Verland, 112
170. Kern, Orphicorum Fragmenta (1963), in Detienne and Vernant, 143
171. Detienne and Vernant, 134; 137
172. Orphic Fr. in Damascius commentary on Plato’s Parmenides, tr. Van Kollenburg, www.hellenicgods.org/orphic-fragment-133-otto-kern
173. Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras 41
174. Diodorus Siculus 5. 66
175. Plato, Kratylos 402b
176. The Neoplatonist Simplicius of Kilikia recorded this obscure reference DK B91, in Plutarch On the E at Delphi 392b. penelope. uchicago.edu/misctracts/plutarche.html
177. Plato, Kratylos 402a-b; 439d.3
178. www.etymonline.com/word/rhythm
179. Kerenyi 1957: 82
180. Pindar, Olympian Ode 2
181. Harrison 1927: 454
182. Theogony 424; 486
183. Archi, 114
184. West 2007: 162
185. Theogony 132ff
186. Bibliotheka 1.1.3
187. Orphic fragment 114.95
188. Euripides, Helen 381, in Battezzato, 147. He cites Apollonios of Rhodes, Nikan- der, and others for a wider usage of titanes, and notes (144-45) that the categories of Titans and Giants had become conflated.
189. Pindar, Isthmean 5.4
190. Homeric Hymns 31.6
191. Bell, 416
191a. Nosch, 22: Ma-te-re te-i-ja
192. Theogony 371-74
193. Kerenyi 1951: 196
194. “Dawn,” in Mallory and Adams, 432
195. Kerenyi 1979:4. Hesiod (Theogony 956-62) gives Persē as Perseis.
196. Bell, 357
197. Bell, 416; Kerenyi 1951: 5
198. Kopaka, 24
199. Kerenyi 1979: 1
200. Kerenyi 1951: 35
201. Bell, 413, 408
202. Theogony 353
203. Bell, 164
204. Iliad 5.370, 3.374
205. Bibliotheka 1.1.3
206. Eusebius of Caesarea. “Theology of the Phoenicians,” in Praeparatio evangelica
207. Kerenyi 1951:118
208. The link of giants and titans is disput- ed, but unconvincingly; see Nagy 2018
209. Pythian Ode 4.289–291
210. Harrison 1927: 485
211. www.etymonline.com/word/doom 212. Alexander, 548
213. Theogony 135
214. Harrison 1927: 482
215. Odyssey 2.68
216. Pindar Isthmean 8: 133, Ode for Xenophon of Corinth 13: 503
217. Harrison 1927; 487, 387
218. Diodoros Siculus 5, 67
219. Harrison, 481-3
220. Bell, 416
221. Larson 2007: 179
222. Pindar, Odes, in Svarlien, 515
223. Rimell, 168
224. Harrison 1927: 482, 515-18, 522-24
225. Theogony 901
226. Kerenyi 1991:100. He translates Hora as “the right moment” (102), and says that the Horai brought up the child Hera.
227. Harrison 1927: 516-25
228. Kopaka, 24
229. Pindar, Olympian 13, tr. Conway 6ff.
230. Kerenyi 1951: 103
231. Phaenomena 96 ff, in www.theoi.com/ Titan/Astraia.html
232. Kerenyi 1991: 229; Bell, 388-89; 416 233. Aiskhylos, Prometheus Bound, tr. Weir Smyth
234. Kerenyi 1991: 36
235. Aiskhylos, Prometheus Bound 211-14, tr. Weir Smyth
236. Theogony 565–66
237. Theogony 521-22; Gantz, 156
238. Works and Days 42-105
239. Bell, 340
240. Theogony 585–594
241. Theogony 600
242. Works and Days 60-69; 90-100
243. Pindar Isthmean 8.30; Horace Carmina 2.18.35
244. Pindar, Isthmean 8.30-36
245. Kerenyi 1991: 86
245a. Hamilton, 125-26
246. Prometheus Bound 894—900, tr. Scul- ly; Hamilton 1937: 125-26
246a. Tr. E. D. Anderson Morshead https:// sacred-texts.com/cla/aesch/promet.htm
247. Prometheus Bound, Hamilton 1937: 129
248. Aiskhylos, Prometheus Bound 946, tr. George Theodoridis
249. Aiskhylos, PB 990, tr. George Theo- doridis, in www.poetryintranslation.com/ PITBR/Greek/Prometheus.htm
250. Prometheus Bound 937, tr. Theodor- idis, in www.poetryintranslation.com/PIT- BR/Greek/Prometheus.htm
251. Prometheus Bound 1090-93, tr. Theodoridis
252. Kerenyi 1991: 105
253. Orphic Hymn 58 “To the Fates,” www. theoi.com/Text/OrphicHymns2.html
254. Iliad 24.209
255. Iliad 24.209; 24.49
256. Bakkhylides Ode 5.140-44, in Gantz, 8
257. Iliad 20.127
258. Odyssey 7.197
259. Iliad 16.334; 5.613
260. Kerenyi 1951:32
261. Gantz, 8
262. Pindar 7th Olympian 64; Isyllos of Epidauros 1, both in Carpenter, 121
263. Pindar Fifth Isthmian 17 in Carpenter, 120
264. Theogony 218ff
265. Thomson, 334-35
266. Pseudo-Hesiod, Shield of Herakles 258ff, in Grimm, 414
267. Carpenter, 119-22
268. Odyssey 7.197
269. Fr. 24, in Campbell, Greek Lyric Vol. 4
270. Alexandra 584, in www.theoi.com/ Daimon/Moirai
271. Derveni Papyrus column 14, in Detienne and Vernant, 138
272. Detienne and Vernant, 138
273. Smith 1849, s.v. Moirai; Plato, Symposium 206d
274. Plato, Republic Book 10, in Santayana, 230-32
275. Republic 617c
ENDNOTES pp. 37-45
276. Republic 616c
277. Smith 1849 s.v. Moirai
278. Carpenter, 117. He protests that
they “have been consistently discarded as irrelevant.”
279. Pausanias 1.19.2
280. Smith 1849, s.v. Moirai
281. Pindar, Olympian 10.52, in West 1983: 195 n. 60
282. Bibliotheka 1.8.2
283. Detienne and Vernant, 120
284. Pindar, Olympian 1.27ff; Philostratus, Imagines 1.30; Bakkhylides Fr. 54, in Harrison 1927: 244
285. Argonautica 4.1200; 4.1216
286. Histories 1.91; see Thompson, 346; Harrison 1927: 476
287. Prometheus Bound 515-16, in Kerenyi 1991: 102
288. Prometheus Bound 517, tr. Smyth
289. Fall of Troy 13.545, tr. Smyth, in www. theoi.com/Daimon/Moirai.html
290. Theogony 2.74
291. Pausanias 5.15.5
292. Pausanias 10.24, Fr. 536; Fontenrose 1957: 429
293. Theogony 217-19; 904-6
294. Bibliotheka 1.3
295. Pindar, Fr. 30
296. Bell, 206
297. West 1983: 216
298. Pausanias 3.11.8-10; 2.4.7; 9.24.4
299. Pausanias 2.11.4
300. Euripides, Melanippe Fr., in Maurizio, 85
301. Burkert, 255
302. Aiskhylos, Eumenides 960-65, in Smyth
303. Ibid, 960
304. Laura Shannon, personal communica- tion, Nov. 2021. See Book II, Chapter 6.
305. Aiskhylos, Eumenides 492; Sophokles, Oedipus at Colonos 40
306. Gabor Betegh, quoted in Curd 2006 307. Chadwick, 98
308. Kerenyi 1951: 48
309. Larousse, 166; Thomson, 117
310. Odyssey 2.134-36
311. West 1983: 244
312. West 1983: 74
313. West 1983: 243
314. Kerenyi 1951: 48; Gantz 15
315. Pausanias 1. 31.28. On propitiation, see Aeschylos, Eumenides. As goddesses who resist patriarchy, see Chapter 4.
316. Burkert, 173. Kerenyi (1951: 48) agrees that the Gorgons represent masks.
317. Eumenides 49
318. Eumenides 69-70, tr. Weir Smyth
319. Kerenyi 1951: 47
320. Pausanias 1. 28.6
321. Smith 1849, s.v. Moirai, citing Aiskhylos Eumenides 335 and 962; Prometheus 516, 696, 895; and Tzetzes Ad Lykophron 406
322. Meisner, 60
323. Meisner, 62-63
324. Prometheus Unbound, in Gantz 19
325. Prometheus Unbound, in Gantz 19
326. Kerenyi 1951: 26, 49
327. Knox, 179-80
328. Theogony 60-66
329. Theogony 41-42
330. Iliad 1.485
331. Nagy on Theogony 29
332. Notopoulos, 466-67, citing Solon 13; Homeric Hymn to Hermes 1
333. Euthydemos 275d
334. Notopoulos. 465-93
335. Notopoulos, 467-75, citing De Bello Gallico 7.14 on druidic insistence on orature
336. Notopoulos, 475; 478; 470
337. Notopoulos, 466
338. Hymn to the Muses; Hymn to Mnemo- syne, in Ahearn-Kroll, 103
339. Ahearn-Kroll, 107
340. Diodorus Siculus 5.67.3, in www.theoi. com/Text/DiodorusSiculus5B.html
341. Ahearn-Kroll, 102 n. 22
342. Iliad 2.484-93, in Ahearn-Kroll, 105
343. Pausanias 9.39.4, in Bell, 310. See Chapter 5 for more on this oracle.
344. Barnstone, 323
345. Ovid Metamorphoses 5.300ff
346. www.etymonline.com/word/nemesis
347. Pausanias, 1.33.2
348. Thomson, 346; Larousse, 163
349. greekasia.blogspot.com/2019/10/ hymn-to-goddess-nemesis-by-mesome- des-of.html
350. Frazer 1913: IV, 125
351. Hesykhios s.v. Rhamnousia Nemesis 352. Kerenyi 1951: 106
353. Larson 2007: 180
354. Harrison 1927: 528
355. Kerenyi 1951: 161
356. Barnstone, 327
357. Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras 41
358. Detienne and Vernant, 146-47. “Bringers of ambrosia,” in Athenaeus
359. Hesiod, Works and Days 618-23
360. For many parallels see Munya Andrews, The Seven Sisters of the Pleiades: Stories from Around the World, Spinifex 2005
361. Hägg, 164; Serafini, 47
362. www.palaeolexicon.com/Word/ Show/16635; minoan.deaditerranean.com/ linear-b-transliterations/
363. Mallory and Adams 2006: 408
364. Hughes 371, n. 4, citing Linear B tablet Tn 316.
365. Serafini, 46
366. Bibliotheka 1.1.3
367. Chadwick, 86; Larson 2007: 15; Burkert, 17
368. Burkert, 17
369. en.wiktionary.org/wiki/θεός
370. www.etymonline.com/word/*dhe-; see for example en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Θέτις
371. Burkert, 45
372. Proclus, Commentary on Plato’s Timaeus, in Jackson 2012: 464
373. Scholiast on Apollonios of Rhodes’ Bac- chantes, in Rabinowitz, 40 n. 13; Serafina, 34
374. Strauss Clay, 27; 30
375. Theogony 405-18
376. Theogony 427. The word tīmai more accurately translates as “honor, power.”
377. Rabinowitz, 31 n. 24
378. Serafini, 344-45
379. See Serafini, 341
380. Serafini, 344
381. Strauss Clay, 32. As she notes (30 n.15), Hesiod’s reverence for Hekatē and the Muses diverges from “his normal hatred of women.”
382. Serafini, 58. P. Pucci (81 n.1) turns the grandeur of the goddess into a negative, claiming that she has no “personality.”
383. See Chapter 3; and Book II, Chapter 7.
384. Theogony 448, in Downie (2009)
385. M.L. West 1966: 289, in Downie (2009)
386. Schwab, cited in Strauss Clay, 32 n. 24
387. Serafini, 78-79
388. Book of John 3:16
389. Serafini, 91
390. Kyzikos, Initiations Book I, in Serafini, 73
391. Theogony 111-13
392. Suppliants 676, in Serafini, 39-40. Gantz (96) says Apollo’s eponym hekatos derives from hekatēbolos, “far-shooter,” but that it could have meant “shooting at will.”
393. Serafini, 38-39. She’s right that attempts to connect Hekatē with the Asiatic goddess Hepat founder on the unlikelihood of a phonological shift from p to k.
394. Serafini, 41; von Rudloff (12ff) stresses “repeated emphasis on the exerting of her will”
395. Rabinowitz, 29
396. Serafini, 44
397. Serafini, 44-45
398. Gimbutas 2001: 197
399. Pausanias 2.30.2
400. Jackson 2012: 471 n. 92
401. Budin, 70
402. Rabinowitz, 36
403. Rabinowitz, 24
404. Wasps 800-04, in Rabinowitz, 60
405. Rabinowitz, 35
406. Serafini, 91
407. Serafini, 20
408. Jacob Rabinowitz (62) calls this rite “the Dirt-Theophany.”
409. Euripides, Medea 396ff, tr. Vellacott
410. Serafini, 132
411. Deipna Hekátes in Ploutos 593-97, in Rabinowitz, 55
412. Scholion on Ploutos, Rabinowitz 68 n. 13
413. Kerenyi 1951: 36
414. For more on Hekate see Book II, chapter 7.
Chapter 2 Archaica
1. Gimbutas 1991: 12-23; and 1974, passim
2. Clemente et al. 2021: 6
3. Clemente et al. 2021: 3-5. Lazaridis, Mit- nik et al. show 4-16% steppe admixture in their 2017 Nature article “Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans.”
4. Clemente et al. 2021: 11, citing Goldberg et al. (2017) and Olalde et al. (2019). Their research shows that similar IE incursions involved a much larger number of males than females. See also Lazaridis et al. 2017, and Skourtanioti et al. 2023.
334 ENDNOTES pp. 57-72
5. “Kill the men, rape the women” is the pattern shown in Olalde et al. (2019) “The Genomic History of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 Years,” and more broadly across Europe, by Kristiansen (2019).
6. Chadwick, 62
7. Clemente et al., 12; Lazaridis et al. 2017
8. Clemente et al. 2021; Lazarides et al. 2017
9. Latacz, 150
10. Histories 5.58.1-2
11. Odyssey 19.177; Iliad 16.233; Strabo, Geography 7.7.10; 2.840; 10.429; and 2.681
12. Iliad 2.840 (phyla Pelasgoi)
13. Hesiod Fr. 319, in Strabo, Geography 7.7.10
14. Beekes, 53
15. Barnstone, 305
16. Catalogue of Women fr. 161, in Strabo, Geography 5.2.4
17. Geography 5.2.4
18. Geography 5.2.4
19. Aiskhylos, Suppliants 340
20. Prichard 1841: 49
21. In Munson 2005. Because of their ability to adapt to Greek domination, she calls them “archetypal hybrids.”
22. Histories 5.26; 2.51.2-3
23. Geography 13.69
24. Thomson, 202-3; Sutton 1998, passim
25. Histories 1.171.5-6. Thus, the Karians spoke an Indo-European language.
26. Histories 1.146.3, tr. Godley
27. See Athenaeus, Deipnosophistai, 6.101; Plutarch, Greek Questions 46
28. Histories 6.138.3-4
29. Pindar, Pythian 4.252-54, in Gantz, 345. See Book II, Chapter 3, on Lemnian women
30. Histories 1.57.2
31. Finkelberg 2014: 2
32. Finkelberg 2014: 2-3
33. Finkelberg 2014: 3
34. Finkelberg 2014:2
35. Mihalova, 308. On the distinct genome constellation in Neolithic Greece and Bal- kans as against Crete and Anatolia, she cites R.J. King et al. “Differential Y chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cre- tan Neolithic.” Annals of Human Genetics 72 (2) 2008, 205-14
36. West, M. L. “Introduction.” Indo-Europe- an Poetry and Myth (Oxford, 2007) https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:o- so/9780199280759.003.0001
37. See Beekes 2009, and discussion in www. veleda.net/greekmyth/commentaries.html
38. Beekes 2009
39. Finkelberg 2000: 97
40. Histories 7.92.1
41. Histories 1.173.1-2
42. Histories, 1.173.4-5
43. Herakleides Fr. 15, in Frazer 1919, Vol II: 213
44. Pomeroy 1976: 222-23
45. Odyssey 19.172
46. For more on Tyrsenian and Etruscan see: www.veleda.net/greekmyth/commentaries.html
47. Mycenae Chamber Tomb 91, ca. 1500 bce
48. Chadwick, 159
49. Krzyszkowska 1999. www.hellenica- world.com/Greece/History/en/MinoanCiv- ilization.html
50. Lazaridis et al. 2017
51. Clement et al. 216
52. Demarque, 267. The great exception of god-temple is that of Poseidon at Pylos.
53. Chadwick, 141
54. Olsen, 384
55. Odyssey 14. 264-265
56. Odyssey 15.425
57. Chadwick, 17-25; 73-5; 29-32
58. Chadwick, 68; 80
59. Chadwick, 80-81
60. James C. Scott, Letters and Politics, Oct. 11, 2021. kpfa.org/player/?audio=365503
61. Edmunds 2020
62. Chadwick, 154
63. Barber 1994: 217; 225
64. Odyssey 7.103–7, tr. Frame
65. Odyssey 22.421-24. The theme of bondmaids toiling at grindstones recurs
in medieval Irish and Germanic texts. See Dashu 2016: 224-26.
66. Andreu and Descat, 29-32
67. Burkert, 45
68. Andrew and Descat, 31
69. See Book II, Chapter 2.
70. Chadwick, 78-79
71. Chadwick, 74
72. Chadwick, 74
73. Kelder and Poelwijk, 581
74. Chadwick, 115
75. Robert F. Picken Family Nubian Gallery, Oriental Institute of Chicago
76. Demarque, 282; Woudhuisen 2019
77. See Beekes 2003
78. Latacz, 146-8
79. For example, Isthmean 4.10. Watkins (1995) explains this IE pattern in detail.
80. Latacz, 191
81. dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/8998-par- ry-milman
82. Latacz, 218-36; 275-76. He cites studies of continuities in the post-Mycenaean and Geometric periods.
83. Latacz, 120-1; 248
84. Latacz, 120-1; 127; 248
85. Alexander, 46; 49-50. Lydia was not named, but was probably designated as Maionia, as per Beekes (2003).
86. Latacz, 98
87. Frazer (1921) gives a stack of citations.
87a. Latacz (2004) explains this in detail.
88. Euripides, Hekuba 35-44, in Gantz, 659
89. Gantz, 659
90. Apollodoros, Epitome 5.23, in Frazer (1921)
91. Iliad 17.419; 13.483; 12.325
92. Alexander, xxiii
93. Gantz, 574
94. Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 723-24,tr. Coleridge
95. Iphigenia in Aulis, 1193-96, tr. Coleridge
96. Agamemnon 232-38
97. Gantz, 99
98. Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 294-95
99. Gantz, 554
100. Iliad 9.591-94, tr. Alexander
101. Odyssey 8.522-29
102. Iliad 20: 190-93
103. Iliad 11. 676; 690
104. Iliad 16.558
105. Dué 2002, citing Iliad 1.195
106. Iliad 2.688-96; 9.328-29; Gantz, 596-97
107. Iliad 1.184-86
108. Iliad 9.665-69, in Dué (2002)
109. Iliad 1.230, 9.365-69
110. Iliad 9.270-285
111. Iliad 9.336, tr. Alexander
112. Iliad 9.343
113. Dué 2002
114. Iliad 19.301–02, in Dué 2002
115. Iliad 6.450, tr. Butler
116. Iliad 16.836, tr. Alexander
117. Iphigeneia in Aulis 1149-51
118. According to Lykophron and various scholia, in Gantz, 599. A black figure Attic lekythos shows this ambush, circa 495 bce. (Toledo Art Museum 1947.62) 119. Barker, 314
120. Iliad 19.55, tr. A.T. Murray
121. Battezzato, 152
122. Hekuba 455, in Battezzato, 141
123. Iliad 9: 129; 9: 271; 9: 664
124. Iliad 11.625
125. Iliad 2.354-6, tr. Murray
126. Iliad 3.301, tr. Alexander 127. Aiskhylos, Agamemnon 8 128. Iliad 3.180, tr. Butler
129. Muellner, 5, n. 21
130. Iliad 3.180, tr. Lattimore
131. Roisman, 67
132. Iliad 8.527; 13.623
133. Iliad 1.159; 11.362; 13.623
134. Iliad 6.344-45
135. ἐμεῖο κυνὸς: “me [shameless] bitch” Iliad 6.344 and 356
136. The Trojan Women 953ff
137. Gantz, 653
138. Lykophron 330-34; 1174-88, in Gantz, 661, who cites more late innovations on “dog” and on the stoning of Hekuba.
139. Porter (2019)
140. Keuls, 328
141. Agamemnon 1237; 1242-4; 1273
142. Agamemnon 1236-7
143. Agamemnon 1109-10
144. Agamemnon 1275, tr. Fagle. Weir Smyth (1926) has the lines as 1261-2: “Brewing as it were a drug, she vows that with her wrath she will mix requital for me too.”
145. Agamemnon 1443
146. Euripides, Orestes
147. Pausanias 3.19.11–13; 3.19.9–10
148. Stesikhoros, fr. 201 PMG
149. Agamemnon 68; 1455, tr. Weir Smyth 150. Pausanias, 10.12.2
151. Athenaeus, Deipnosophistai 13.560
152. Hughes, 51
153. Hughes, p. cite
154. Iliad 3, in Alexander, 54
155. Dué 2002, on Iliad 3.70. 91
156. Hughes, 4
157. Alwa, 137. Thanks to Kirsten Johnson for this reference.
158. Dué 2002
159. Gantz, 701
160. Epitome 6.15c
161. Hughes, 12
162. Schavrien (164) cites Atchity and Barber, “Greek princes and Aegean princesses: the role of women in the Homeric poems,” 1987
336 ENDNOTES pp. 90-113
- Hughes, 72-79
- Gill 2011
- Kelder and Poelwijk, 577-80
- Chadwick, 66
- Barber, 119 n. 4
- Briffault I: 406 n. 1
- Briffault I: 411
- Briffault I: 412
- Odyssey 7.53-68
- Barber 1995: 120
173. CW.F49 Phaeacians Scholiast on Odyssey 7. 54
174. Odyssey 6. 66-68; 7.69-74
175. Athenaios of Naukratis, in Gant, 319
176. Alexander, xxii
177. Hughes 355, n. 5
178. Iliad 3.207
179. Hughes, 29-31
180. Latacz, 280-1
181. Chadwick 1988, 79; 83
182. Alexander, xix
183. Pomeroy, 26
184. Odyssey 1.43.10; 2.23.705, in Hall, 277
185. Odyssey 9.39
186. Odyssey 14:264-65
187. Iliad 24.108
188. Odyssey 9. 43-48
189. Andreu and Descat, 36
190. Histories 1.5.1-3
191. Histories 1.196; 1.199
192. Kypria fr. 8, in Hughes, 350 n. 1
193. Histories 4.45.2
194. Munson, 64
195. Prometheus Bound is the most complete account of Io’s migrations.
196. Jeremiah 46:20, Hebrew Bible, New International Version
197. Bibliotheka 2.1.4ff; John Tzetzes on Lykophron 894
198. I found no DNA evidence of any significant migrations, but cultural influence could be another matter.
199. www.etymonline.com/word/egypt; fuller discussion in Egberts, 156-58
200. Suppliants 1-19
201. Suppliants 85-86
202. Suppliants 155-60
203. Suppliants 200-04
204. Suppliants 280-90
205. Suppliants 331-53
206. Suppliants 406
207. Suppliants 477-78
208. Suppliants 622; 645
209. Suppliants 749
210. Suppliants 820; 861-82
211. Suppliants 915
212. Suppliants 1070
213. Apollodoros, and scholia on Pindar and Homer, in Bonner 1902: 132
214. Bonner 1902: 132
215. Bonner 1900: 27-28; 1902: 133
216. Bonner 1902: 138, n. 2
217. Geography 8. 6. 371
218. Natural History 7.5; 6.3
219. Bonner 1900: 28
220. Bonner 1902: 143
221. Pausanias 2.37.1-3, in Bonner 1902: 158
222. Bonner 1900: 34-35; 28. The story first appears in the pseudo-Platonic dialogue Axiochus 37I E. Gantz (207) dates it to the 1st century bce.
223. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhaians_(Homer)
224. Kelder 2010: 125–26
225. Latasz, 130-31
226. Castriotis, 460
227. Hall, 63
228. Spiropoulos (1972)
229. Hall, 191
230. Larson 1995: 44-45
231. Quotes from Barber 1991: 365
232. In Barber 1991: 366-67
234. From the abstract of Murray (2020)
235. Barber, 243
236. Barber, 211
237. Odyssey 2.84
238. Barber, 154
239. See citations in McNeil 2005: 9 n. 18
240. Iliad 22.440-41; 14.178-89
241. Odyssey 6.25-40; 6.57-65; 6.305-7; 5.61
242. Edmonds 2020 §54
243. Edmunds 2020 §67; §68
244. Barber, 229. Watkins (2001: 173-78) fully documents IE obsession with fame / kleos.
245. Barber, 153
246. Edmonds 2020 §54
247. Iliad 8. 293–95, in Edmunds 2020 §63
248. Diodoros Siculus 1.3.4
249. On the Cave of the Nymphs, tr. Thomas Taylor, 1823
250. Scholion on Plato’s Timaeus, 41b; 377c (fr. 178). Quotes from www.hellenicgods. org/orphic-fragment-192—otto-kern
251. Gantz, 526
252. West 1983: 10-11
253. Gantz, 739-40; the Gnostic Isidoros; Maximus of Tyre 4.45.4
254. Aeschylus, Khoiphoroi 231–32, in Edmunds 2020 §47; McNeil, 9 n. 18
255. Barber, 210
256. Edmunds 2020 §64
257. McNeil, 2; 9
258. McNeil, 9. She explains how the tapes- tries that Klytemnestra spread for Agamem- non’s return evoked the legend of Philomela disclosing her rape by weaving a story cloth.
259. Osborn, 71-72
260. Bibliotheka 3.14; Thucydides 1.5
261. McNeil, 12; 10 n.20; 3 n.6
262. www.etymonline.com/word/*teks-; lrc.la.utexas.edu/lex/master
263. Nagy 2017 §10 a-c
264. Nagy 2017 §14
265. www.britannica.com/topic/Tantra-reli- gious-texts
266. “Tantra as a Structure on Which to Weave Sutra Practice.” studybuddhism.com/en/ad- vanced-studies/vajrayana/tantra-theory/over- view-of-tantra/tantra-fundamental-features
267. www.etymonline.com/word/subtle
268. www.etymonline.com/word/tissue
269. Histories, 2.4.2
270. Histories 2.50.1
271. Histories, 2.50.2
272. Histories 2.52.1-2
273. Histories 2.55.1. For more on the Black Doves, see See Chapter 5.
274. Histories 2. 171
275. Bell, 419: Pausanias 1.42.7; 2.327; 8.151; 9.16.3
276. Hall, 179
277. Dillon 2002: 54
278. West 1994
279. Hall 2014: 91
280. Hall 2014: 71
281. Hall 2014: 30
Chapter 3 Goddesses Revised
1. Kerenyi, 45
2. Chadwick, 85
3. Latacz 2004: 165
4. Chadwick, 86. Homeric Poseidāōn, elsewhere Poetidān, was originally *Poteidāōn. 4a. Tablet ΚΝ Gg 702 https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Labrys
5. Hägg, 165; Nosch, 22
6. Kopaka, 18
7. George Mylonas, 159
8. Chadwick, 93
9. Kopaka, 22-24
10. Chadwick, 93
11. Hägg, 166, has Dapuritijo as Linear B term for “labyrinth.” Tablet KN Gg
702 da-pu-ri-to-yo-po-ti-ni-ja is read as λαβυρίνθοιο πότνια, per en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Labrys
12. Chadwick, 88
13. Hesiod fr. 150.31, in Scheinberg, 6
14. Kopaka, 22-23
15. Chadwick, 99
16. Burkert, 17
17. Kerenyi 1951: 77
18. Burkert, 90
19. Burkert, 120
20. Tsakos and Viglaki-Sofianou, 185
21. Budin, 20
22. Dexter 1990: 121
23. Orphic Hymn 29.2 for Persephone; Orphic Hymn 32.1 for Athena
24. Kerenyi 1991: 28
25. Beekes 2009: 524, among many others 26. Larson 2007: 36
27. Chadwick, 80
28. O’Brien, 170
29. Burkert, 134
30. Larson 2007: 30
31. Pausanias 2.17.5
32. Graves (51) has cuckoos, not doves.
33. Pausanias 2.17.4
34. Pausanias 2.17.1
35. Pausanias 2.15.5
36. Pausanias 2.17.2
37. Pausanias 2.15.4
38. Albertocchi, 13
39. Larson 2007: 30. Burkert (134): Hera is never represented as a mother with child. 40. Pausanias 2.17.3
41. Connelly 2007, passim
42. Burkert, 131
43. Athenaeus, Deipnosophistai 15.672 b 44. Demarque, 381
45. Burkert, 132
46. Burkert, 85, 52. He says “willow,” but the Greek lygos belongs to a different family, also with supple branches.
47. Pausanias 7.4.4
48. Athenaeus, Deipnosophistai 4.158
49. Athenaeus, Deipnosophistai 15.672ff
50. Tsakos and Viglaki, 106-7
338 ENDNOTES pp. 130-144
51. Larson 1995: 33
52. Dillon 2002: 56; Demarque, 363
53. Histories 3.60
54. Tsakos and Viglaki, 119-41
54a. See Dashu www.sourcememory.net/ art/anadolu/upis.html (photo essay)
55. Kardara, 350
56. Kardara, 356
57. Kardara, 350, n. 71 and n. 73
58. www.etymonline.com/word/cosmos Thanks to Judy Grahn for bringing this connection forward.
59. O’Brien 25, 30-31. Kardara, 357
60. Burkert, 219; Larson 1995: 35
61. Frazer 1913: III, 562
62. See map in Harrison 1927: 239
63. Frazer 1913: III, 562-63
64. Larson 2007: 36
65. Kardara, 343-44, on shaft graves 1 and 3 66. www.theoi.com/Gallery/K6.2.html
67. Burkert, 52
68. Strabo 380
69. Dunbabin, 61-65
70. Burkert, 131-32
71. Harrison 1927: 491-94
72. Pomeroy 1975: 13
73. Burkert, 132
74. Kerenyi 1951: 52
75. Dexter 1990: 121
76. Kerenyi 1951: 97
77. Tsakos and Viglaki-Sοfiano, 164
78. Pausanias 2.38.2; Kerenyi 1951: 98
79. Burkert, 133-34
80. Dillon 2002: 44
81. Bell, 89
82. Kerenyi, 98
83. Larson 2007: 29
84. Dillon 2002: 14
85. Pianavilla, 8-9; 11 on “Brothers” poem
86. Orphic Hymn to Hestia 2, in www. hellenicgods.org/orphic-hymn-to-hestia
87. Homeric Hymn to Hestia 5: 20ff
88. Pausanias 4.1.6, on Messenia.
89. Burkert, 159; Serafini, 48
90. Mylonas 1966: 1
91. Pokorny 1959: 414-416
92. Chadwick, 87
93. Serafini, 48
94. Aiskhylos, Prometheus Bound 220, in Kerenyi 1963: 99
95. Chadwick, 92
96. Inscription MY Oi 701, in DAMOS Mycenaean Database, University of Oslo
97. Miriam Dexter, personal communica- tion, Nov. 2022
98. Keuls, 353
99. Harrison 1927: 202
100. Burkert, 161; 194
101. Burkert, 278; 13
102. Pausanias, 8.42.1ff
103. Versnel, 146
104. Pausanias 8.37.6; 8.31.1; Dimopolou, 2018
105. Budin, 9
106. Pausanias 1. 44
107. Rhapsodic Theogony, in Detienne and Vernant, 139. Nek-tar: “not-dying.”
108. Kerenyi and Jung, 116
108a. Gasparro, 17
109. Burkert, 242
110. Dempsey, 157
111. Kerenyi and Jung, 119
112. Spaeth, 108-12; Burkert, 104-5. Dempsey (187) mentions snake-cakes.
113. Burkert, 105
114. Williams 1994: 35-40
115. Zaidman, 349-51
116. Connelly, 184; Dillon 2002: 110
117. Herodotus, Histories 6.134-36
118. Kallimakhos, Hymn VI to Demeter www.theoi.com/Text/CallimachusHy- mns2.html
119. Beekes, 2009: 1179–80
120. Jane Harrison (522-23) illuminated this theme.
121. Gantz, 164
122. Gantz, 67
123. Theogony 914
124. Kramer, 37. See Chapter 4 on myths adopted from SW Asia.
125. Meisner, 8
126. West 1983: 244-45
127. Meisner, 262
128. All quotes from Homeric Hymn to Demeter, tr. Evelyn-White 1914
129. Homeric Hymn to Demeter 83-84, tr. Dexter 1990: 126
130. Kerenyi 1951: 233-34
131. Kerenyi 1951: 235
132. Homeric Hymn to Demeter 198-205
133. Orphic Fr. 395.1-2B, in Meisner, 115. Aiskhylos first mentions Baubo, but not anasyrma.
134. Exhortation to the Greeks 2.20, in Kerenyi 1951: 244
135. Kerenyi 1951: 234-37
136. Kerenyi and Jung, 142-43
137. Homeric Hymn to Demeter, in Larson 2007: 166
138. Kerenyi 1951: 239-40
139. Homeric Hymn to Demeter 109; Pausanias 1.38.3
140. Kerenyi 1951: 244
141. Burkert, 299
142. Burkert, 295
143. Kerenyi and Jung, 144
144. See www.etymonline.com/word/idol; www.etymonline.com/word/idea
145. Plato, Meno 81b-c
146. Meisner, 244. He cites Radcliffe Edmonds, who sees her rape within a common “pattern of disrupted maiden’s transition.” Most writers presume that her son’s death was the greater grief.
147. Keuls, 351
148. Keller 1988: 28
149. Keller 1988: 29
150. Pausanias 1.38.6
151. Histories 2. 171
152. Keller (1988: 50-51) has a good summary of what is known of each day’s rites. 153. Clement of Alexandria, Exhortation to the Greeks, in Keller, 52. After taking from the chest, some versions say “having done my task.” (Meyer 1999: 18)
154. Euripides, Ion 1076-1085; tr. Potter (1938)
155. Kerenyi and Jung, 148
156. Beach 1995, online
157. Keller 1988: 52
158. Kerenyi 1977: 10
159. Odyssey 5.125-28; Theogony 969-74
160. Kerenyi 1967: 77
161. “The Curse of Eleusis.” www.athens guide.com/eleusis/. Thanks to Yonas Theo- doros for this link.
162. warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/classics/intranets/students/modules/greekreligion/ database/hypaaq/
163. Keller, 30
164. Burkert, 278
164a. Plutarch, Alexander 2. 9
165. Kerenyi, 130; Battezzato (149) calls the entire island of Kos “Titanic.”
166. Kerenyi 1951: 130-31
167. Burkert, 172
168. Bibliotheka 1.4.1
169. Kerenyi 1951: 133. Strabo, Geography 14. 1. 20, shows both twins being born on this alternative Ortygia.
170. Kerenyi 1951: 134
171. Gantz, 97
172. Bibliotheka 1.4.1; Orphic Hymn 34.5
173. Kallimakhos Hymn 3 to Artemis 22ff. www.theoi.com/Olympios/ArtemisMyths. html. Ovid version in Kerenyi 1951:132
174. Burkert, 219; Larson (1995: 92) agrees.
175. Larson 2007: 112
176. Burkert, 144
177. Kallimakhos, Hymn 2 to Apollo 60-64
178. Moralia, De Sollertia Animalium 983e
179. Homeric Hymn to Apollo 3.145–61; Larson 2007: 92
180. Euripides, Hekuba 465. Battezzato, 141
181. Gimbutas 2001: 156
182. EB 650.5, in Chadwick, 99
183. Iliad 21.470-71, tr. Dexter 1990: 115
184. Homeric Hymn to Artemis 10
185. Hymn 3 to Artemis, www.theoi.com/ Olympios/ArtemisAttendants.html
186. Smith (1849)
187. Hymn to Aphrodite 19, tr. Nagy
188. Proverb 9, in Budin 82. She gives more citations on Artemis and dance.
189. Homeric Hymn 27 to Artemis 15
190. Hymn 3 to Artemis, www.theoi.com/ Olympios/ArtemisAttendants.html
191. Larson 2007: 106; www.etymonline. com/word/caryatid
192. Hymn to Aphrodite 16-17, tr. Nagy
193. Budin, 38; 76
194. Chadwick, 98
195. Iphigeneia in Tauris; the chorus also invokes Artemis-Dictynna. Battezzato, 143. 196. Pausanias 7.19.1; 8.13.1
197. Orphic Hymn 2 to Prothyraia
340 ENDNOTES pp. 154-168
- Budin, 75
- Kallimakhos, Hymn 3 to Artemis 22
- Iliad 19.59–60
- Budin, 97
- Larson 2007: 116; more in Gantz, 97
- Rayor, 136
- Budin, 57; Larson 2007: 107
- Larson 2007: 107-09
- Dillon 2002: 93
- Budin, 80-81
- Budin, 77, 106
- Budin, 77
210. Dillon (2002: 220) says this marriage connection only appears in “late sources.”
211. Scholion to Theokritos 2.66, Budin, 80 212. Budin, 80
213. Budin, 93-94
214. Budin, 95
215. Budin, 30
216. Gantz 1993: 83
217. Gg 705, Gg 702, in Chadwick, 98
218. Frame 2009
219. Budin, 100
220. Chadwick, 98
221. Burkert, 25-26
222. Larson 2007: 164
223. www.cretanbeaches.com/en/caves/ eileithyia-cave-amnisos
224. Sporn, 205; 208
225. Thomson, 283
226. Iliad 11.269-71, in Budin, 100
227. Nemean Ode 7.1ff
228. Johnson, 147
229. Larson 2007: 164
230. Pausanias, 8.21.3. Gantz translates as “the clever spinner.”
231. Pindar, Olympian 6.40ff, in Smith 1849
232. Paian 12.16-17, in Gantz 1993
233. Homeric Hymn to Delian Apollo 89ff, tr. Evelyn-White
234. Kallimakhos, Hymnoi: Eis Delon 2.249-55, in Olmsted, 255
235. Pausanias 1.18.5
236. Larson 2007: 165
237. www.originalcrete.gr/en/arti- cle/o-thrulos-tou-neraidospiliou
238. Larson 2007: 105
239. Hughes, 59
240. Budin, 55, 27
241. Carter, 374, who notes that no such name exists in Linear B
242. Barnstone, 305
243. Budin, 27
244. Rayor, 153
245. Larson 2007: 120
246. Pausanias 3.16.7-9
247. Carter, 355
248. R. C. Bosanquet connects them with women dancing the barullika; Guy Dickens and “most modern scholars” see them as crones, per Larson 2007: 105; Parikh 2017.
249. Larson 2007: 105
250. Carter, 356
251. Iliad 5. 741; 8. 349; 11. 36
252. Theogony 274-83
253. Detienne and Vernant, 182; 190
254. Burkert, 104
255. Carter, 379
256. Dexter, 2010: 36-37
257. Gantz, 20-21
258. Frothingham, 349, 358
259. Frothingham, 366-67
260. Euripides, Ion 224
261. Dexter 2020: 38
262. Rich archive: www.my-favourite-planet. de/english/people/m1/medusa.html
263. Liber Quartus 3.52.2, in Marler 2002: 21
264. Burkert, 173
265. Theogony 274-75
266. Pausanias 1.8.15
267. Bell, 117
268. Eumenides 48-53, in Fagles, 233
269. Euripides, Ion 1003-5
270. Bibliotheka 3.10.3
271. Frothingham, 355-56
272. Frothingham, 352
273. Kerenyi 1951: 50
274. Bibliotheka 2.4.3
275. Dexter 2010: 41
276. Aheran-Kroll, 65
277. www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/ wpcd/wp/a/Athena.htm
278. Tablet V52, in Chadwick, 88. I transliterate j as y to clarify pronunciation for (non-academic) English speakers.
279. Burkert, 139
280. Barber, 242
281. Iliad 1.206; Odyssey 1.44, 156
282. Barber, 244. n. 7
283. Burkert, 139
284. Frame, III.3.33; Malkin 1987: 71; Burkert, 229
285. Dillon 2002: 133
286. Ahearn-Kroll, 68-70. Larson (43-44) thinks Athena held a pomegranate in her right hand and a helmet in her left.
287. Ahearn-Kroll, 75
288. Kroll, 72-73. Philostratos agreed, in Vita Apollonii 8.14.
289. www.atticinscriptions.com/inscrip- tion/IGI3/474
290. Frame (2009)
291. Histories 8.41
292. Barber, 157
293. Frame (2009)
294. Frame (2009)
295. Bibliotheka 3.
296. Egberts, 155
297. Histories 4.180.2; Timaeus 21e. Robert Graves and Martin Bernal are among those who posit an Egyptian derivation.
298. Amun@yahoogroups.com Jun 9, 2001
299. Egberts, 159. See www.veleda.net/ greekmyth/commentaries.html for more on Egbert’s critique.
300. Kratylus 407b
301. Timaeus 22b-23c
302. Histories 2.170, 2.175
303. See Histories 1.199.3; 4.59.2
304. Histories 4.180.2
305. El Sayed, 646
306. Hassan and Mosleh 2014: 27-31
307. Hassan and Mosleh 2014: 27-31
308. Iliad 4.514; Hesiod Fr. 343.9-12; Khry- sippos, in Detienne and Vernant, 111
309. Bibliotheka 3.144; 4, 1307ff. Over time Tritonis became assimilated to the nereid Amphitrite, Poseidon’s wife.
310. Bibliotheka 3.12.3
311. Bibliotheka 4.13.10
312. Histories 4.189, tr. Godley
313. Histories 4.180.2
314. Iliad 5.738-42; 21.400-01; 15.309-10
315. Gantz, 85
316. Gantz, 84-85
317. Epikharmos fr. 135, in Battezzato, 146
318. Bibliotheka 3.12.1; 3.14.5
319. Bell, 87
320. Graves, 47
321. Pausanias 3.5.6
322. Larson 2007: 52
323. Pausanias 5.3.2
324. Burkert 1985:143
325. Frame 2009
326. Rodriguez Pérez, 2021. However, Hephaistos himself shows up in Linear B text as A-pa-i-ti-yo (Chadwick, 99).
327. Gantz, 239
328. Kerenyi 1951: 125
329. Pausanias 1.24.5–7. Pheidias sculpted Amazons attacking the Acropolis on the shield of Athena.
330. Rodriguez Pérez 2021
331. Kerenyi, 124
332. Frame 2009
333. Pausanias 1.27.2; Burkert, 229; Gantz, 238
334. Pausanias 1.18.2
335. Aleshire and Lambert, 72; “elected for their good birth…” (p. 77)
336. The Trojan Women, in Battezzato, 141
337. Battezzato 144-45, citing Iphigeneia in Tauris 218-24
338. Aleshire and Lambert, 72
339. Burkert, 143
340. Odyssey 7. 108-9, in Detienne and Ver- nant, 108-11. Phaiakia: probably in Corfu. 341. Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.1-145. The Roman is the only source for this myth.
342. Bell, 85
343. Pindar, Pythian 12.7ff, tr. Conway, www. theoi.com/Georgikos/SatyrosMarsyas.html
344. Telestes Fr. 805, in Athenaeus, Deipno- sophistai, tr. Campbell, in www.theoi.com/ Daimon/Moirai.html
345. Detienne & Vernant, 233-35; 188ff; 206
346. Detienne and Vernant, 180; 184
347. Detienne and Vernant, 228; 182
348. Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite 10-15, tr. Nagy
349. Bell, 85
350. Pausanias 1.23.4; Bell, 337
351. Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, in Kerenyi 1991: 48
352. Pausanias 1.14.7, in Dexter 1990: 112
353. Lebessi, 529
354. Lebessi 2009
355. Larson 2007: 119 III. 3.5 III. 3.26 144
ENDNOTES pp. 182-193
356. Iliad 5.382-415
357. Theogony 353
358. Iliad 2. 5.370
359. Theogony 88-90
360. Symposium 180.d-e
361. Orphic Hymn 54, www.theoi.com/ Text/OrphicHymns2.html#54
362. Kerenyi 1991: 67
363. Athenaios, Deipnosophistai 13.73
364. Histories 1.105
365. Kerenyi 1951: 69. In later sculptures, it is the nymphs who attend her. Botticelli famously painted her arriving on the half shell in The Birth of Venus.
366. Larson 2007: 14
367. Strabo, Geography 8. 379
368. Pausanias 2.3.8
369. There’s no space to go into claims
of “cult prostitution” at Corinth; but see Budin’s refutation in The Myth of Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity (2008).
370. Vermaseren, 37
371. Burkert, 155
372. Barber 1994: 237
373. Pianavilla, 17
374. Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, 2, tr. Nagy
375. Bell, 339
376. Larson 2007: 117
377. Frazer 1913: IV, 105
378. Pausanias 3. 15. 10
379. Larson 2007: 119
380. Hymn to Aphrodite: 68, in Kerenyi 1979: 9
381. In Kerenyi 1979: 9
382. Homeric Hymn 5: 247-255; 281-290, tr. Nagy
383. Iliad 18.382-23; Theogony 945-56; Gantz, 76
384. Theogony 933-37. Simonides is the only Archaic writer who names Eros as the son of Aphrodite. (Gantz, 80).
385. Odyssey 8.324
386. Iliad, 14, 187-223, in Kerenyi 1991: 52
387. Kerenyi 1951: 76
388. Keuls, 28-30
389. Burkert, 177
390. Rayor, 133
391. Hymn to Aphrodite 97-99, tr. Nagy 392. Odyssey 6.122-24; 5.85; 5:215
393. Hymn to Aphrodite 258-72
394. Gantz, 141
395. Kerenyi 1951: 222
396. Hesiod, quoted in Plutarch, De Defectu Oraculorum 415c
397. Dillon 2002: 96; Gantz, 141
398. Pausanias, 9.34.4, in Frazer 1913: 486
399. Pausanias 1. 8.6
400. Pausanias 2.1.1
401. Iliad 24.615-16, in Gantz, 139
402. Pianavilla, 26
403. Dillon 2002: 219
404. Argonautica 1.1213
405. Sporn, 208
406. McInerney, 269
407. Larson 2007: 154
408. McInerney, 269-70
409. Sporn, 204
410. Barnstone, 192
411. Sporn, 202- 207
412. Sporn, 208
413. Dunbabin, 64
414. Dunbabin, 67
415. Dunbabin, 67. Apollo Thryxeos took it over. Chapter 4 discusses how Apollo took over many sanctuaries of the nymphai.
416. Sporn, 209
417. Pausanias 10.5.5
418. Scheinberg, 6
419. www.cointalk.com/threads/the-nym- phaeum-the-nymphaeum-the-nymphae- um-is-on-fire.272860/
420. Sporn, 208
421. classics.mit.edu/Plato/phaedrus.html
422. Berndt-Ersöz, 52-54; 334 fig. 28, 211
423. Berndt-Ersöz, 84
424. Berndt-Ersöz, 83-84; 191-92
425. Munn, 2008. Others try to derive Kybele from kybi, “cave” (Ennemoser, 52) or from her sacred mountain Sipylus (Goodrich, 20, mistakes the hard C in Latin Cybele for an S).
426. Gasparro, 35
427. Gasparro, 9
428. Pindar, in Strabo, Geography 10.3.13 in www.theoi.com/Georgikos/Kouretes.html 429. Gasparro, 1; 44
430. Vermaseren, 36, 80-1, 127
431. Gasparro, 17
432. Vermaseren, 81; Harrison, 61, on Kotys
433. Gasparro, 69; 71; Vermaseren, 30
434. Vermaseren, 33
435. Gasparro, 69; 71; 100-1
436. Diodorus Siculus 3. 58
437. Gasparro, 9; 15-6
438. Pindar, Pythian 3; Diodorus Siculus 3. 57; inscriptions at Piraeus, in Gasparro, 86-7
439. Gasparro, 87 n. 10
440. Frazer, Golden Bough (1955) Vol XI: 14
441. Semele, in Gasparro, 13 n. 7
442. Gasparro, 15-16
443. Conner, 87, 119-21
[444. Ma of Comana: moved to Book 2]
445. Conner on dance: moved to Book 2]
446. Berndt-Ersöz, 210
447. Versnel, 139 notes 423 and 424
448. Olmsted, 246
449. Zuchtriegel 72; Larson 2007: 176
450. Aristophanes, Lemniai; Photius Lexicon; Hesykhios, s.v. Bendis
451. Larsen 2007: 174
452. Dillon 2002: 95
453. Zuchtriegel, 72
454. Zuchtriegel, 139
455. Bibliotheka 3.5.1
456. Diodorus Siculus 3.55
457. Diodorus Siculus 5.47.3
458. Guettel Cole, 1
459. Karl Lehman and Walter Burkert, in Guettel Cole, 2; and the Paris-Scholia on Apollonios Bibliotheka 1.915-21, in Smith 1849, s.v. Axieros
460. Guettel Cole, 3
461. Paris-Scholia on Apollonius I. 915-921, in Smith 1849
462. occult-world.com/axieros/; en.wikipe- dia.org/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex 463. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samothrace_ temple_complex
464. Dillon 2002: 68
465. Theogony 360
466. Detienne and Vernant, 223
467. Pausanias 4, 30; Bibliotheka 2. 424
468. Kerenyi 1951: 95
469. Gantz, 150-51
470. Gg 705, in Chadwick, 98; Harrison 1927: 278, 284; Gimbutas 2001: 139
471. Burkert, 186
Chapter 4 Mythic Conquests
1. Iliad 1.560-590
2. Iliad 15.17-21. His given reason is that she sent a storm against Herakles, born of one of his adulteries. (Gantz, 59)
3. Bibliotheka 1.3.5. Iliad 1.590ff.
4. Iliad 1.571-600; Theogony 927; Kerenyi 1951: 59
5. Iliad 1.565, tr. Butler
6. Bibliotheka 1.2-4l 1.4.1; Athenaeus 9.392
7. Bakkhylides and Diodoros Siculus, in Gantz, 66
8. Kerenyi 1951: 109
9. Homeric Hymn 2 to Demeter 2.72 ff
10. Homeric Hymn 2 1.20
11. Dionysiakōn 6.157ff, in Olmsted, 275 12. Gantz, 68; 164
13. Beazley, 311
14. In the Ashmolean collection
15. Kypria Fr. 9 PEG
16. Burkert, 18
17. Pausanias 1.33.5
18. Pausanias, 1.33.2-7; “what is due”: www.etymonline.com/word/nemesis
19. Hymn to Delos 35-38, in Detienne and Vernant, 166, n. 52
20. Bibliotheka 1.4.1
21. For example: www.theoi.com/Olym- pios/ApollonLoves.html; and www.theoi. com/Titan/TitanisAsteria.html
22. Budin, 35
23. Graves, 138; 161; 168; 171; 158; passim
24. www.greekmyths-interpretation. com/en/structure-greek-mythology/ boreas-zephyrus-hecate-interpretation/
25. McNiven, 81
26. Gantz, 282
27. More on downplaying rape: www.vele- da.net/greekmyth/commentaries.html
28. Kerenyi 1951: 187-88
29. Akhilles Painter, 475-425 bce, Hermitage
30. Kerenyi 1951: 183; Bell, 418
31. Graves, 222
32. Metamorphoses 4.770
33. Bibliotheka 2.4.3. Medusa and Poseidon both have a horse aspect from early times. 34. Metamorphoses 12.203ff. More detail in Book II, chapter 1.
35. The killing of Kaineos already appears in late Archaic black-figure painting. More on this story in Book II, Chapter 1.
36. Mendelsohn, 81. He cringes, seeing the rapes spelled out “in jarringly large type.” 37. Fontenrose 1951: 367-69
38. Iliad 9.529-99
39. Pausanias 10.8.5
40. Kerenyi 1951: 141
41. Olmsted, 255
42. Pindar and Pherekydes, in Gantz, 91
43. McCarter, in Mendelsohn, 81. She gives more examples of biased translation by moderns here: https://twitter.com/samcca- rt1/status/1595815677910196225
44. Wilson, Mar. 8, 2018. https:// twitter.com/EmilyRCWilson/sta- tus/971823043512360960
45. Ion 252-4, in Keuls, 341
46. Pindar, Pythian 9.6
47. Pindar, Pythian 9; Apollonios, Argonautica 2.522ff
48. Stephens, 8, on Pindar, Pythian 9
49. Bell, 112
50. Pindar, in Gantz, 364
51. Bibliotheka 2.8.4; Pausanias 4.3.4-5
52. Munson (2005)
53. Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite 127
54. Ovid, Metamorphoses 11. 301 ff
55. Korinna Fr. 654
56. Iliad 16.175
57. Bibliotheka 3.2.1
58. Gantz, 271
59. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 16.176–182; 246
60. Dionysiaca 16.341
61. Dionysiaca 16.394
62. Nonnus, Dionysiaca 16.354-383; 48.814-826; 16.403-405
63. Teske 1970/2018
64. Kerenyi 1951: 175
65. Ovid, Metamorphoses 5.710
66. Budin, 43
67. Bell, 334
68. Bibliotheka 3.15.4
69. Homeric Hymn to Demeter 154
70. Bell, 240
71. Bell, 197
72. Gantz, 272
73. Scholion to Apollonios of Rhodes 1.554
74. Bell, 365-6
Endnotes pp. 204-217
75. Valerius Flaccus 5.4.25; Bell, 5
76. Argonautica 3.309–313, in Race, 241
77. Bell, 7-8
78. Bell, 307
79. McNally, 103; 118
80. McNally, 117
81. For pictures, see Book II, Chapter 5.
82. Homeric Hymn 26 to Dionysus 2; Biblio- theka 3. 29. More on Zeus’ “male births” in this chapter, and in Book II, Chapter 5.
83. Slatkin 1986; Iliad 1.396-406
84. Slatkin, 2-10
85. Isthmian 8, 28-45
86. Detienne and Vernant, 159-162
87. Metamorphoses 11:259. Here it is Proteus, not Kheiron, who coaches Peleus.
88. Isthmean 8.35
89. Isthmean 8.45
90. Kerenyi 1991: 108
91. Heslin, 159
92. Iliad 24.62
93. Argonautica 4. 869-79, tr. R.C. Seaton. classics.mit.edu/Apollonius/ argon.4.iv.html
94. Bibliotheka 3.13.5; Lykophron scholia, in Gantz, 230-31
95. Euripides, The Skyrians
96. Iliad 18.428, in Alexander, 405
97. Iliad 1.395-400
98. Kerenyi 1951: 24
99. Iliad, 1.425
100. Iliad 1.503-510
101. Slatkin, 19; Detienne and Vernant (158) give melánteron, “nothing darker.”
102. Slatkin, 14-20
103. Slatkin, 19
104. Slatkin, 10, 21-22
105. In www.theoi.com/Titan/TitanPro- metheus.html
105a. Schol. to Pin. Nemian Odes, 4.81 https://sententiaeantiquae.com/2023/06/06/ what-hephaestus-really-wanted-from-thetis-5/
106. Detienne and Vernant, 158
107. Bibliotheka 3.9.2
107a. www.madelinemiller.com/tag/atalanta 108. Bibliotheka 3. 9. 2
109. Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1. 768ff
110. Bibliotheka 1. 9. 16; Gantz, 335
111. Herodotus, Histories 3.222-24; Bibliotheka, 3.9.2
112. Theognis, Elegiac Poems 1290-94
113. This version is old, already in the Ehoiai, but is reprised by Apollodoros. Hyginus even has her give the suitors a head start.
114. Elegiac Poems 1290-94
115. Mayor 2014: 10
116. Mayor 2014: 99
117. Weatherford 2010: 116-118
118. Mayor 2014: 32; 195
119. Theogony 886; 929c
120. Theogony 886-900, 929
121. Bibliotheka 1.3.6
122. Theogony 924
123. Gantz, 86
124. Dexter 1990: 119
125. Herodotus, Histories 2.146.2; Euripides, Bacchae 89-98
126. My search was limited to photos that dis- play in the digitized archive: www.beazley.ox- .ac.uk/searchParent.asp?SearchString=birth. On the “male birth” of Dionysos, see Book II, Chapter 5.
127. Keuls, 306
128. Pausanias, 1.24.2
129. Bibliotheka III. 14.1
130. Varro’s lost De gente populi Romani, quoted in Augustine of Hippo, The City of God Against the Pagans 5.18.9
131. Harrison 1908: 262
132. Neil, 83
133. Kerenyi, 125
134. Plutarch, Alkibiades, 15. On Aglauros
vs. Agraulos: transposition of consonants (metathesis) is common in linguistics.
135. Aiskhylos, Eumenides 656-666, in Goodwin, 51
136. Eumenides, tr. Sommerstein, 433
137. Eumenides 658-654, in Dexter 1990: 111
138. Aiskhylos, Eumenides, 162-172 tr. Lattimore
139. Eumenides 736-40, tr. Lattimore
140. Schavrien, 156
141. Eumenides 47-55, in Schavrien, 158
142. Eumenides, tr. Sommerstein, 463
143. Schavrien 2011: 155. Phyllis Chesler (in Women and Madness, 1972) was the first to shine a light on this pivotal mythic shift.
144. Harrison 1927: 308-13
145. Bell, 85
146. Odyssey 11.325
147. Kerenyi 1951: 272; Gantz, 115
148. Gantz, 725-28; Pausanias 8.3.6-7 on “favor.”
149. Gantz, 729
150. Gantz, 733; Bell, 288
151. Gantz, 272
152. Pausanias 8.3.6
153. Alexiou, 140
154. Pindar, Olympian 3, in Battezzato, 148 155. Gantz, 386
156. Euripides, Helen 381-85, in Gantz, 386-87, who notes that blaming “her beauty” implies that Zeus had forced her.
157. Bibliotheka 3.10.3; Pausanias 3.1.2; 3.20.2; 9.35.1; on her abduction, Pausanias 3.18.10
158. Bibliotheka 2.5.3
159. Fragment from the lost Astronomy of Hesiod in the Alexandrian Catasterismi; Bibliotheka, 3.8.2; Ovid, Metamorphoses
2. 405–531; Bell, 104
160. Boehringer, part 44
161. Larson 2007: 116
162. Larson 2007: 117; Bibliotheka 1.4.5
163. Pomeroy 1975: 9
164. Dillon 2002:105
165. Stesikhoros, in https://twitter.com/sen- tantiq/status/1654875165766090752 ; Gantz, 287; 321; 261
166. Diodorus Siculus 5.55.4–7
167. Keuls, 34
168. Busiris 10.38-9, in Nilsson, 201
169. Barnstone, 132
170. Biblotheka 2.1.1
171. Bibliotheka 2.5.2
172. Hymn 3 to Apollo 1. 305
173. Iliad 18. 395-405; Homeric Hymn to Apollo 316-21
174. Iliad 1.590-94
175. Iliad 15.18-30
176. Theogony 927-29
177. Homeric Hymn to Apollo 306–348; Stesichorus, Fr. 239
178. Burkert, 131
179. Pausanias 3.25.10
180. The binding of Hera was depicted on the Amyklai throne, the François Krater, and later vase paintings. See Gantz, 76.
181. Pausanias 9.11.3.
182. For more on this, see Book II, Chapter 7.
183. Lykophron tells this story twice. Pseudo- Erastothenes on the Milky Way, with Hermes instead of Athena. In Pausanias it is Zeus who hands the baby over. See Gantz, 378.
184. West (1983: 135) notes a Hittite parallel of the storm god battling a dragon.
185. Dionysiaca 6.128-44, tr. Rouse 1940, in Van Opstall (2019)
186. Van Opstall (2019)
187. Orphic Fr. 58.41, tr. B. P. Pratten, in www.hellenicgods.org/orphic-fragment-58 —otto-kern
188. Iliad 8.10
189. Iliad 8, 437
190. Iliad 8. 373-465; 8.483
191. Iliad 14.200-340
192. Iliad 15.90-140, tr. Alexander
193. Iliad 2.197, tr. Alexander
194. Iliad 9.29; 9.25, tr. Alexander
195. Meisner, 29
196. Meisner, 28
197. Meisner, 23-24; 27
198. Meisner, 21; 24-26
199. Meisner (135) notes that Kronos, too, fought a sea serpent called Ophion (“Snake”), as per Pherekydes of Syros and the Argonautica of Apollonios Rhodios.
200. Meisner, 80-81
201. Meisner, 69-70
201a. Dillon 2002: 214; Connelly, 148-53
202. Meisner, 77; 20
203. West 1983: 78
204. Nicgorski, 6
205. Nicgorski, 7
206. Natural History 28.17
207. Athenagoras, in West 1983: 195. Em- phasis added.
208. West 1983: 94. He then goes on to euphemize the rape by Zeus: “they mated in the form of snakes.”
209. Meisner, 74
210. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derveni_pa- pyrus. Gantz (69) notes that this story is mostly “restricted to Orphic texts.”
211. Helen 1304ff, tr. Collard and Cropp
212. Derveni Papyrus column xiii, in West 1983: 88
213. West 1983: 89
Endnotes pp. 231-243
214. Derveni Papyrus columns xx-xxii, in West 1983:92
215. Meisner, 154
216. West 1983: 138
217. West 1983: 123
218. West 1983: 87-88
219. West 1983: 198-99
220. West 1983: 198
221. Meisner, 144
222. West 1983: 105
223. See El-Sayed 1982 on litanies of Neith
224. West 1983: 103; 201. In Meisner (90) Oulumos “has sex with himself,” generating an egg and Khousoros, the “Opener.”
225. West 1983: 103; 200. Meisner, 90
226. West 1983: 104
226a. Meisner, 90
227. www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-Gu
228. West 1983: 104
229. West 1983: 10-11
230. Meisner, 91
231. Fr. 28 Kern, in Gantz, 743
232. West 1983: 231
233. Damascius 58.2, in West 1983: 207
234. West 1983: 226-27; Meisner, 161. The Byzantine Suda lists the Hieroi Logoi in 24 Rhapsodies as a work of Orpheus.
235. West 1983: 70
236. Meisner, 195
237. West 1983: 70
238. West 1983: 208; Meisner, 200
239. West 1983: 71; 213; 208
240. West 1983: 235; 232
241. Meisner, 169
242. Reconstruction by Bernabé (2007b: 103-4) in Meisner 68
243. West, 1983: 92; 237
244. Meisner, 223
245. Iliad 8.19, in West 1983: 238
246. West 1983: 72; Meisner (169) calls this “a uniquely Orphic myth.”
247. West 1983: 73. This story is only found in the Hieronyman Theogony. (Meisner, 170)
248. West 1983: 94-97
249. Meisner, 114-15
250. West 1983: 194; 198
251. Meisner, 145-47
252. Commentary on Timaeos, in Meisner, 214
253. Meisner, 108-110
254. West 1983: 218-19 (his wording, not a quote from Khrysippos).
255. Meisner, 127
256. Meisner, 269; 272. Neoplatonism is a huge subject, not for this volume.
257. Keuls, 340
258. Mylonas 1985: 85
259. See Book II, Chapter 5
260. Mylonas, 85-6
261. Burkert, 211
262. Castriota, 463-64
263. Euripides, Ion
264. Ion, 298, in Keuls, 341
265. Bell, 10-11, 86
266. In other versions, he abducts Hippolyte. Apollodoros, Epitome 1.16; full citations in Frazer (1913).
267. Pausanias 1.2.1.
268. penntoday.upenn.edu/node/149073; on Greek terms: oxfordre. com/classics/view/10.1093/ acre- fore/9780199381135.001.0001/acre- fore-9780199381135-e-8365
269. Sourvinou-Inwood 1987: 136-37
270. Sourvinou-Inwood 1987: 140, 149
271. Keuls, 58
272. Deipnosophistai 13.4
273. Life of Theseus 29
274. Bell, 12
275. Hellanikos 4F134; Diodorus Siculus 4.63.1–3; Apollodoros, Epitome 1.23
276. Bell, 13. Women are still punished for
the crimes of their male relatives in parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Ghana.
277. Bell, 12
278. Gantz, 324
279. Gantz, 325
280. Larson 1995: 67
281. Apollodoros, Epitome 1.11
282. Budin, 43-44
283. Larson 2007: 106
284. The Kypria already speaks of Herakles’ madness, but its attribution to Hera may have begun with Euripides’ Herakles Mainomenes. See Gantz, 380.
285. Larson 1995: 112
286. All quotes from Keuls, 45-46; 405
287. Bell, 301
288. Silius Italicus 3.420 in Bell, 388
Endnotes pp. 243-255
289. Bell, 114
290. Gantz, 379
291. Gantz, 435. Or, the reason is that Eurytas didn’t want to give his daughter as a concubine.
292. See Book II, Chapter 3.
293. Bibliotheka 2.7.6
294. Gantz, 436. Bakkhylides tells this story too. Bad take on Herakles’ captive Iole: “whom he has taken as a lover.” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Women_of_Trachis (Accessed 3/13/23)
295. Gantz, 432
296. Lihas and Diodoros Siculus, in Gantz, 435
297. Euripides, Herakleidae; Larson, 15;
108; 136 298. Henry, 213
299. Iliad 2.6.180. (Khimaera aka chimera) 300. Iliad 2. 6.186
301. Plutarch, On the Virtues of Women 9
302. Dexter, 1990: 160
303. See Dashu, “Warding Off.” www.suppressedhistories.net/sacravulva/wardingoff.html
304. www.etymonline.com/word/hero
305. See examples in online Commentaries.
306. Edmunds 2020 §2. Emphasis added.
307. Larson (1995: 9; 5) calls Kerdo “a satellite of her husband,” an Argive culture hero.
308. Bell, 79
309. Bell, 80
310. Larson 1995: 11
311. Bell, 80-81
312. Larson 1995: 128
313. Larson 1995: 129; 140
314. Bell (89) cites the examples of Antiope and Auge.
315. Larson 1995: 136
316. Bell, 264
317. Fontenrose 1959: 147
318. Frazer 1921, Vol II: 275
319. Larson 1995: 101
320. Bibliotheka 3.15.4; Hyginus Fabulae 46; Suidas s.v. parthenoi
321. Erechtheus Fr. 4.9.4 in Funke
322. Fr. 360.27, in Keuls, 138
323. Funke, 90
324. Erechtheus Fr. 360.43-45, in Connelly, 280
325. Larson 1995: 104
326. Frame 2009
327. Pausanias 4.9.4-10.1
328. Jarus 2016
329. Bell, 248; 138
330. Larson 1995: 107-9
331. Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses 25
332. Pausanias 7.21.1ff
333. Dillon 2002: 258
334. Bell, 407
335. Larsen 2007: 51, citing Lykophron, Alexandra 1141–73, and a 3rd-century inscription (IG IX 12 3.706)
336. Bibliotheka 1.9.15
337. Euripides, Suppliants 1040-1071, tr. Coleridge. Bibliotheka 3.7.1 repeats the myth. 338. Apollodoros, Epitome 4.3.30
339. Fabulae 104
340. West 2007: 500-01 on these and examples among the Slavs, Balts, and Armenians. 341. Geography 1.15.30
342. Henry, 99
343. Greek Religion, in Larson, 96
344. Henry, 151
345. Larson, 97. Henry (98) signals this theme in the plays Ion; Antiope; Aeolus; Alexander; and Oedipus
346. Strabo, in Karamanou, 154; 157; Pausanias 8.4.9
347. Gantz, 428-31
348. Karamanou, 154-55
349. Bell, 169
350. Larson 1995: 109-110
351. Hyginus, Fabulae 187; Aristophanes, Birds 533; Pausanias, 1.5.2
352. Ovid, Metamorphoses 192-270
353. Edmunds 1997: 28. King Krotopos also executes his daughter Psamathē.
354. Gantz, 520; scholion on Sophokles’ Antigonē
355. Henry, 99; Gantz (485) cites Pausanias and other sources.
356. Henry, 123
357. Euripides, Ion 877-880
358. Aiskhines, Against Timarchus 182 and scholia on Kallimakhos, in Karamanou 159 n.38; en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leimone
359. Edmunds, 32
360. McHardy, 3
361. McHardy, 1-3
362. Histories 4.154.2
363. McHardy, 4 n. 25; 14, citing Code of Hammurabi 129; 132-33; 143.
364. McHardy, 9-11; (144) says Liburnians.
365. McHardy, 4
366. Larson 1995: 97. For fuller discussion, see Book II, Chapter 1
367. Pausanias 8.12.6
368. McHardy, 146-47
369. McHardy, 99; 123
370. Pausanias 8.47.6; Larson 1995: 117
371. Bell, 347-50
372. De Mulieribus Virtutibus 8.11
373. Larson 1995: 140-141
374. Diodoro Siculus 15.54.2-3; Xenophon, Hellenika 6.4.7; In Fontenrose (1978: 147) it is their father who curses Sparta.
375. Young 2020: 3-5
376. McInerney, 273-75. He claims that the Thyiades’ “reenactment of Charila’s abuse makes them protectors of the welfare of the entire Delphian community.” Not of girls! 377. Larson 1995: 136-37; 142
378. Geography 13.3.4
379. Serafini, 33. More examples of rape-euphemizing language at www.veleda.net/ greekmyth/commentaries4.html
380. Larson 1995: 137
381. Pausanias, 6.6.10
382. Larson 1995: 124-5
383. Larson 1995: 127. She gives Aspalis and Britomartis as examples.
384. Bell, 80; 363
385. González, 478
386. Budin, 84
387. Jay, xxiii-xxiv
388. Jay, 23; 21; 43-46
389. Dillon (2002)
390. Larson 1995: 14-15; 31
391. Larson 1995: 29, citing James Oliver; 38 392. Dillon 2002: 266
393. Larson 1995: 33-38
394. Guettel Cole, 80-81
395. Faraone, 212
396. Faraone, 212
397. Avramidou, 10
398. Faraone, 213
399. Fr. 53, in Hippolytus, Refutation of All Heresies 9.9.4
400. Latacz 2004: 149-150
400a. Malkin 2016: 286
401. Malkin 2016: 296, 301
402. Plutarch says Eretrians, but Strabo (6. 2.
403. Herodotus, Histories 4.156.3; Plutarch, Quaestiones Graecae 11
404. Zuchtriegel 2018: 33
405. Malkin 1987: 34
406. Malkin 1987: 72
407. Plutarch, in Malkin 1987: 41
408. Thucydides 6.3.2, in Malkin 1987: 177
409. Zuchtriegel, 61
410. Zuchtriegel 2018:
411. Zuchtriegel 2017:
412. Zuchtriegel 2018:
413. Pausanias 10.10.6
414. Malkin 1987: 180
415. Zuchtriegel 2018:
416. Zuchtriegel 2018:
417. Malkin 1987: 55
418. Malkin 1987: 78-9
419. Malkin 1987: 7; 106
420. Malkin 1987: 2; 75
421. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea
422. Kallimakhos, Hymn to Apollo, in Malkin 1987: 142
423. Malkin 1987: 2; 5-6, 90. He notes (22) that Delphi was involved in colonization “as early as the late 8th century.”
424. Herodotus, Histories 42.2, in Malkin 1987: 22
425. Malkin 1987: 81, 86
426. Malkin 1987: 63-64
427. Aeneid 6.468, in Nagy 2015
428. Peloponnesian War, Chapter XVII, tr. Richard Crawley. http://classics.mit.edu/ Thucydides/pelopwar.5.fifth.html
Chapter 5 Pythias and Melissae
1. Dempsey, 5
2. Pindar, fr. 55; Euripides, Iphigenia in Taurus 1234-83
3. Harrison 1927: 3854
4. Pausanias, 10.5.5
5. Pliny, Natural History 28. 147; Pausanias 7. 25.13
6. Aiskhylos, Prometheus Bound, in Harrison 1927: 480
7. Harrison 1927: 482-83
8. Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.12
9. Harrison 1927: 482-83; 387
10. Goodrich, 199
11. Pausanias 10. 5. 3
12. Fontenrose 1957: 415
13. Harrison 1927: 388
14. Dempsey, 8
15. De Pythiae Oraculis, in Goodrich, 210, 203
16. Pausanias 10.12.1
17. Pausanias, 10. 24.7
18. De Pythiae Oraculis, in Goodrich, 210 19. Dempsey, 54
20. Maurizio, 76
21. Harrison 1927: 389
22. Fontenrose 1957: 417
23. Euripides, Ion 93-101
24. www.etymonline.com/word/prophet 25. Maurizio, 70
26. Connelly, 73
27. Pausanias 10.12.1 in Olmsted, 67
28. Pausanias 10.12.6; Frazer, 516
29. Diodorus Siculus, 4. 66. 31
30. De Garrulitate 20, in Dempsey, 68
31. Pausanias 10.12.1
32. Phaedra 244 b-d
33. West 1983: 147
34. Fr. 12, in Burkert, 117
35. Maurizio, 77-79
36. Plato, Phaedros 244b, 244c, tr. Fowler
37. A-Group exhibit, Robert F. Picken Family Gallery, Oriental Institute of Chicago
38. Iliad 18.590–593
39. Nagy 2015: I.§4
40. Nagy foreword to Teske 2018
41. Pausanias 1.38.6
42. Huys, 15
43. Barber, 111
44. Burkert, 33
45. Burkert, 109
46. Nagy (2015) I.§5; I.§3
47. Lawler, 113
48. Pollux, Onomastikon 4. 101
49. Plutarch, Theseus 21
50. Lawler, 119
51. Reed Doub, 20
52. Kerenyi 1996: 90
53. Porphyry, Cave of the Nymphs and the Hymn to Hermes, in Scheinberg, 5
54. Aelian, in Harrison 1927: 429
55. Harrison 1927: 240
56. Harrison 1927: 267
57. Thomson, 289
ENDNOTES pp. 282-290
58. Keller 1988: 35
59. Pomeroy, 75-7
60. Ott (1998)
61. Theocritos 15.94, in Scheinberg, 20
62. Bell, 302
63. Aiskhylos frag. 3, in Dillon 2002: 74
64. Porphyry, On the Cave of the Nymphs 8; in Ransome (2012)
65. Dillon 2002: 112
66. Mitchell (2010)
67. 4th Georgic 63, in Gimbutas 2001: 183
68. Pythian 4. 60-62
69. Scheinberg, 20
70. Pausanias 10.5.9; Plutarch, De Pythiae Oraculis 17
71. Lesko, 48
72. Bonn-Muller (2010)
73. Morgan, Sept 28, 2010
74. Ransome, 60. “A series of tesserae, or tokens, was produced at the cult center of Ephesus during the Hellenistic period and later.” See www.cointalk.com/ threads/a-magical-tessera.277808/
75. Budin, 22
76. Ransome, 58-60. The line is quoted in Aristophanes, Frogs 1283
77. Ransome, 59-60
78. Scholion on Pindar Pythian 4.106, in Scheinberg, 5
79. Ransome, 96
80. Kallimakhos, Hymn to Apollo II:108. www. theoi.com/Text/CallimachusHymns1.html
81. Servius on Aeneid 1.430, in Scheinberg, 20
82. West 1983: 133; 136. Didymos, being a Christian writer, took a euhemerizing tack. But West (137) describes the Melissae as priestesses of Rhea.
83. Kallimakhos Hymn to Jove 47
84. Ion 533e, in Maurizio, 77
85. Euripides, Bacchae 705, in Harrison 1927: 40
86. Pollux 2.147, in Ransome, 96 n. 1
87. Odyssey, 13. 104. Moria means “olive tree.”
88. Porphyry, tr. K. Sylvan Guthrie, 3-11
89. Porphyry, tr. K. Sylvan Guthrie, 3-11
90. Fr. 693, in Elderkin, 213
91. Hefele III.1, 570-1
92. Scheinberg, 5
93. Scheinberg, 16. She gives (17-19) lin-guistic evidence for this association among Indo-Europeans, for whom mead intoxica- tion long preceded the use of wine.
94. Homeric Hymn to Hermes 553-63; Scheinberg (5, n.13) gives “white barley.”
95. Philokhoros Fr. in Scheinberg, 8. McIn- erney (267) emphasizes that traditions of Apollo’s journey from Asia contradict stories that he was a boy herding cattle when the Thriai who lived under the fold of Parnas- sus” taught him divination.
96. Homeric Hymn to Hermes 559, tr. Evelyn-White
97. Mayor 1995: 40
98. Homeric Hymn to Hermes 4, 550
99. Scheinberg, 11
100. Mayor 1995: 33-40. Compare Krishna’s title manohara, “taking the mind away.”
101. Dempsey, 55 n.1; Fontenrose, 198
102. Mayor 1995: 33-40; Fontenrose (198) on Didyma.
103. Scheinberg, 17
104. Dempsey, 57, n. 3; 58
105. Moralia 437c
106. De Defectu Oraculorum, in Smith 1965: 414-417
107. De Defectu Oraculorum 435d: Smith 1965
108. De Defectu Oraculorum 324d, in Smith 1965: 416-18
109. De Pythiae Oraculis, Smith: 1965: 416. He expands (419) on divine breath as conferring life and luck.
110. De Defectu Oraculorum 404ff
111. Smith 1965: 422
112. Smith 1965: 419-20
113. Frazer (1921: 10-11) citing Diodorus Siculus, 16. 26; Strabo 9. 3. 5; Pausanias, 10. 5. 7; and Justin 24. 6. 6-9
114. De Boer, Hale, and Chanton 2001: 707- 710; Broad, William, “Greek Oracle Fueled by Vapors,” New York Times, April 18, 2002
115. Plutarch, Moralia 437c, in Fontenrose, 1978: 198
116. Dempsey, 68; Connelly, 78
117. Plutarch, Alexander 14.4;
Dillon 2002:101
118. Pausanias 10.13.8; Connelly, 2007: 75. Gantz (438) notes a variant story in which Herakles fights Apollo over the tripod.
119. Maurizio, 80ff
120. Moralia 385c
121. Connelly, 78
122. Dillon 2002: 98
123. Goodrich, 199
124. Homeric Hymn to Apollo 11 340-60, tr. Evelyn-White
125, Kerenyi (1951: 136) is definite that the “older tale” is about a female snake. See also Dexter 1990: 9ff
126. Harrison 1927: 395
127. Iphigeneia in Tauris 1245 ff, in Harrison 1927: 394. See Olmsted, 253-4; Fontenrose 1957: 13, 47
128. Frazer, 507
129. Dempsey, 21
130. Iphigeneia in Tauris, in Harrison 1927: 394
131. Fontenrose 1957: 431
132. Iphigeneia in Tauris 1279, in Harrison 1927: 395
133. Harrison 1927: 394
134. Harrison 1927: 389
135. Fontenrose 1957: 413
136. Kerenyi 1957: 36
137. Frazer, 430-1
138. McInerney, 276-78. He notes mention of the Korykiai Nymphai in Bibliotheka 2.711.
139. Melanippe Fr. 665 a-c 13-22, in Mayhew, 97
140. Argonautica 2.703
140a. See Dashu, “Matricultures” (2016)
141. Fontenrose, 14-15
142. The Eumenides 3-4, in Harrison 1927: 387 (emphasis added)
143. Bibliotheka 1. 4.1
144. Lane Fox, 341
145. Lane Fox, 342
146. Harrison 1927: 396
147. Pausanias 10.24.6
148. Varro, in Harrison 1927: 399; Goodrich, 200
149. Harrison 1927: 424. Kerenyi (1951: 136) points to pictures showing Python “living in amity with Apollo and guarding the Omphalos.”
150. Olmsted, 254
151. Dempsey 191: 48
152. Frazer, III, 53-4; Fontenrose 1957: 456; Dempsey, 157
153. Molnar, et al.
154. West 1983: 232
155. Pausanias, 10.5.9; Fontenrose (1957: 428) translates as “honeycomb and feathers.” “Hexameters”, in Herodotus 1.65
156. Goodrich, 202
157. https://ancient-greece.org/architecture/ delphi-temple-of-apollo.html
157a. www.thebyzantinelegacy.com/ serpent-column
158. Pausanias, 10.5.5
159. Lyons, #276
160. Her story appears in the Archaic epic Epigoni. Gantz, 522
161. Fraser, 1921: 119
162. Eidenow, 308
163. Ovid, Metamorphoses VI
164. Diodoros Siculus 4.66.4-6, in Gantz, 525
165. Diodorus Siculus, 4.66.5
166. Odyssey 10.490-99
167. Melampodia Scholiast on Odyssey, 10. 494
168. Diodorus Siculus, 4. 66. 30-1
169. Barnstone, 319
170. Hymn to Apollo 11.382-7
171. Hymn to Apollo 11.385, tr. Evelyn-White. Spellings vary: Telphousa, Thelpusa, etc.
172. Ovid Metamorphosis 14
173. Agamemnon 1208-1212; Hyginus, Fabulae
174. Pharsalia 5. 119-20; 141-197, tr. Kline
175. Maurizio (1995) challenges it, but Dillon 2002 and others repeat it. Bell, 110
176. Homeric Hymn to Hermes 552; scholiast on Kallimakhos Hymn to Apollo, in Bell, 415
177. Frazer 1921: 11, n. 2
178. Dempsey, 51
179. Fontenrose 1957: 427-29
180. Scheinberg, 8
181. Fontenrose 1957: 432 n. 37
182. Frazer 1921: 10 n.2, on Apollodoros
183. Sheinberg, 8
184. Scheinberg, 9
185. Scheinberg, 14-15
186. McInerney, 267
187. McInerney, 276. He adds that the use of astragaloi in divination is a pattern known across Eurasia and Africa.
188. Maurizio, 80, n. 70
189. Dunbabin, 66. See title page illustration
190. Burkert, 116
191. Maurizio, 69
192. Bell, 389
352 ENDNOTES
193. Maurizio, 69; 84
194. Pomeroy, 33; Goodrich, 199
195. Goodrich, 204
196. Dempsey, 112-13
197. Dempsey, 38
198. Republic 427, in Dempsey, 63
199. Dillon 2002: 100
200. Goodrich, 237-50
201. Pausanias, 3.1, in Frazer 1913: III, 133
202. Diodorus Siculus 7. 12. 2 & 6
203. Dempsey, 111, citing Pausanias iii, n. 8
204. Dempsey, 108-110; on Dioklea, 143 n. 2
205. Judges 11, on Jephthah. Dempsey, 129
206. Herodotus 1.53; Dempsey, 66
207. Pausanias, 10.24.1
208. Dempsey, 141
209. Lives of the Philosophers 8.8
210. Porphyry (Life of Pythagoras 41) calls this Pythia Aristoklea
211. “Themistoclea – 600 BCE,” www. women-philosophers.com/Themistoclea.html 212. De Defectu Oraculorum 1
213. Amatorius 14, in Dempsey, 57
214. Dempsey, 56, 53
215. Diodoros Siculus 16.26.6
216. Plutarch, Moralia 414b
217. Zaidman, 375
218. Plutarch, De Pythiae Oraculis 22, in Holderman, 12
219. De Pythiae Oraculis, in Goodrich, 210
220. De Pythiae Oraculis 29, in Dempsey, 63
221. Pausanias, 3.4; Herodotus 2.66
222. Herodotus, Histories 8.41, in Harrison, 267
223. Dempsey, 84, 165, 89
224. De Divinatione 1.37
225. Lane, 238
226. Pharsalia, in Goodrich, 213
227. Dempsey, 162
227a. Olmsted, 257
228. Pausanias, 2. 24. 107
229. Pliny, Natural History 28.147, in Frazer IV, 175; Pausanias 7. 25.13. Olmsted, 257, compares this drinking of bulls’ blood to the Irish tarbfheis.
230. Pausanias 7.25.13, tr. Jones and Ormerad
231. Burkert, 114-15
232. Odyssey 11.21-50
233. Cicero, De Divinatione 1.43
234. Plutarch Agis 9; Cicero, De Divinatione 1.43
Endnotes pp. 300-311
235. Larson 1995: 197 n. 118
236. All quotes from Plutarch, Agis 9.2-3
237. Connelly, 80; Holderman, 23
238. Pausanias, 9.37-39
239. Pausanias 8.40-41
240. Dempsey, 187
241. Ahearn-Kroll, 107
242. Herodotus, Histories 2.52
243. Theogony 353
244. Iliad 5.370ff. See Chapter 1.
245. Hyperides, in Ahearn-Kroll, 75
246. Holderman, 48. T. Dempsey (11): “the cult of Zeus was but a later accretion.”
247. Hadzsits, 47
248. Iliad 16:127. However, it names only Zeus, not Dionē.
249. Phaedrus 275b, tr. Fowler
250. Scholiast on Sophokles Trachiniai 1167, www.theoi.com/Text/HesiodCatalogues.html
251. Burkert, 114
252. Histories 2.5
253. Histories 2. 5-6
254. Histories 2.55, in Munson, 124. Book II has more on animalizing the “barbaroi.”
255. Histories 2.53
256. Hadzsits, 48
257. Pausanias 10.12.10
258. Pausanias, 7.21
259. Pausanias 10.15
260. Geography 7
261. Geography 8, 323; 7.7.12
262. Apollonios Rhodios, Argonautica 1.524-27
263. Smith 1849: 840
264. Strabo 8. 325
265. Fontenrose, 187, on Artemis Pythia
266. Pausanias 9.33; 7.3; Bibliotheka 3.7.3-4
267. Burkert, 115
268. Iamblichus, in Olmsted, 257
269. Holland-Smith, 31
270. Porphyry, Iamblichus, and Lucian, in Fontenrose, 197-8. He thinks the stone axon at Didyma may have been a tripod, since Constantine referred to oracles of the tripods.
271. Larson 2007: 96
272. Parke, 123
273. Connelly, 80
274. Maurizio, 85 n. 97
275. Lane, 223
276. Plutarch named Klea, who he knew personally, in De Defectu Oraculorum, but she was a priestess of Isis and Dionysos at Delphi, and probably not a Pythia.
277. Pausanias 10.13.7
278. Sporn, 203
279. Pausanias, 10.12.3
280. Pausanias 10.12.5
281. Pindar, fr. Paean 8a; Bibliotheka 3.148; scholia on Iliad 3.325, in Gantz, 562
282. Pausanias 10.12.6
283. Pausanias 10.12.8
284. Pausanias 10.12.9
285. Bell, 97
286. Agamemnon 1202-12
287. Bibliotheka 1.9.11, Scholia n. 2, in Frazer note on Apollodorus II. 48
288. Dillon 2008: online
289. Pomeroy, 110
290. Aiskhylos, Agamemnon 1084, in Weir 1926
291. Agamemnon 1073-1075, tr. Fagles
292. Agamemnon 1256, in Smith 1965: 424
293. Agamemnon 1231, tr. Weir Smyth
294. Agamemnon 1135; 1160, tr. Dillon, 295
295. Agamemnon 1265, tr. Dillon
296. Alexandra, in Dillon 2008
297. Pausanias 3.19.6; Bell, 83-4
298. Virgil, Aeneid 3.182
299. Cicero, On Divination 1.67
300. Maurizio, 85
301. Odyssey 8.80
302. Melanippe Fragment, in Maurizio, 85
303. Sanciyya, in Tharu and Lalitā, 116
304. Scholion to Pindar Pythian 4. 181
305. Catasterisms 18, in Gantz, 734
306. Astronomica 2.18.2-3, in Gantz, 734
307. Ypsilanti, 108; 107 n. 3
308. Ypsilanti, 108; 107 n. 3
309. Ypsilanti, 107
310. Mayhew, 95
311. Melanippe 665a-c 13-22, in Mayhew, 97
312. Mayhew 97
313. Euripides Fr. 1018N, in Mayhew 99, n. 31
314. Mayhew, 97
315. She translates the verse as, “It is not my word, but my mother’s word,” and identifies the passage as Euripides Fr. 484
316. Varro, On the Latin Language 5.58, in Harrison 1927: 464
317. Mayhew, 97. Athens exiled Anaxagoras.
318. Mayhew, 99-100
319. Moralia 756 c-d, in Mayhew, 96
320. Ypsilanti, 114; Mayhew, 97
321. Mayhew, 95. Karamanou,155
322. The widespread practice of female infanticide is discussed in Book II.
323. Dionysos of Halicarnassos Fr. 485N, in Mayhew, 98
324. Mayhew, 98
325. Hyginus, Fabulae I.56; Astronomica Poetica 2.18. Also, Graves, 109; Gantz, 735
326. Mayhew, 97; in n. 30, he cites Cropp (inaccesible to me) on “Hippo being silenced by Zeus.”
327. Hyginus, Astronomica 2.18.4
328. Hyginus Astronomica 2. 18, on the lost play of Euripides, Melanippe. Tr. Grant, in www.theoi.com
329. www.theoi.com/Nymphe/Nymphe Khariklo1.html
330. Ypsilanti, 108
331. Ovid, Metamorphoses 2.636–676. www. theoi.com/Text/OvidMetamorphoses2.html#4
332. Ypsilanti, 108
333. Kallimakhos 5.85-92, in Ypsilanti 114
334. Ypsilanti, 114, commenting on Kallimakhos 5.121-130
335. Bibliotheka 3.6.7, citing Hesiod
336. Bibliotheka 3.6.7, citing Pherekydes
337. Poetics 1454a, in Ypsilanti, 119
338. See Chapter 4 (and Book II) on the harsh punishments inflicted on women who fell afoul of the sexual double standard.
339. Seaford, 81; 77
340. Alope by Euripides, as per Hyginus Fabulae 187, in Seaford, 82
341. George Devereux, in Seaford, 84. Devereux: myths of women punished with blindness for being raped or for adultery
342. Euripides, Alkmaion in Psophis, in Seaford, 81. Seaford, 76
343. Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.192-270. Book II, Chapter 1 goes into more detail on these female punishments, mythic and actual.
344. Henry, 106
345. Gantz, 734
